Tag: God’s Reign

God’s Ways Are Not Our Ways

“‘Dear Lord God, I wish to preach in your honor. I wish to speak about you, glorify you, praise your name. Although I can’t do this well of myself, I pray that you may make it good.’”[i]

Introduction

The adage, God’s ways are not our ways, comes in handy when we are faced with hardship and tragedy. When things go awry, when that message comes, that phone rings, that letter arrives, that event happens, we try to make sense of it. And when we can’t, we resolve to comfort ourselves with a bit of spiritual and intellectual surrender as we reluctantly whisper, God’s ways are not our ways. This small and meager confession brings us some answer and comfort to our desperate whys (all of them). When we do not understand—in our grief and sorrow, our anger and frustration, our loss and suffering in the midst of emotional and physical chaos and tumult—considering that God might know and (somehow) still be in control provides us a relatively safe space to process and move through what we are experiencing and feeling.

Interestingly, I rarely hear this adage used when something good happens to us. When someone gets good news, accomplishes the daunting task, finds acceptance into this or that, receives promotion, not many of us would even think to say, God’s ways are not our ways. We may say Praise God! Or, What an answer to prayer! Or, You worked so hard for ________! But not, God’s ways are not our ways. Why? Because that little adage casts a big shadow of doubt over whether one really earned this or that good thing. And we, who live in the west and especially in America, really like thinking we’ve earned the good things that come our way. We like to think that this or that good thing is fair, because, well, I’m kind of a good person or I’ve been working really hard or and well my lack of good things means it was my time to get good things so I still earned it by not having anything good for a while…

Now, I’ve been a bit hyperbolic here. In the temporal realm and according to the ideological leanings of the kingdom of humanity and the way natural law works, surely, many good and bad things happen to us that actually are products of our effort. But there’s a point to be made, God’s ways really are not our ways. In what seems good or bad, in what feels fair or unfair, in what seems earned or not earned, God’s ways are not our ways. As our Matthew passage tells us, neither the ways of God nor the ways of the reign of God operate according to our ways.

Matthew 20:1-16

According to Matthew 19, Jesus is in the region of Judea beyond the Jordan (v1) where pharisees challenged him about divorcing one’s wife for “any cause” (vv3-12), he blessed little children (vv13-15), and aggrieved the rich young man with the truth about it takes to be “perfect” and store up treasure in heaven (vv16-22), adding the admonition that it is harder for a rich person to get into heaven than a camel through the eye of a needle—an answer that terrified the disciples (vv.23-26). Then, Peter (desperately?) asked for assurance of reward for leaving everything and following Christ; Jesus responds that they will have thrones and will receive a hundredfold and eternal life (vv27-29). But then Jesus adds (cryptically), But many will be last who are first and first who will be last (v30).[ii]  

V30 is the reason for “the Kingdom of Heaven is like” of chapter 20[iii] (a story found only here in Matthew[iv]). Matthew’s Jesus explains what he means by reordering first and last in the Reign of God[v] by telling the story of a wealthy vineyard owner and day-laborers. According to Matthew, Jesus began,

For the Kingdom of Heaven is like a person as master of the house who went out early in the morning [6am] to hire workers for his vineyard. Now, after agreeing with the workers for a denarius for the day’s work, he sent them into his vineyard (vv1-2).

(Obvs.) Everything seems on track at this point in the story. A “denarius”—a Roman Coin—was also the standard wage for a full day of labor. The vineyard was a common agriculture setting in Palestine (as well as within in FT imagery). But then Jesus goes on. The vineyard owner continues to go to the marketplace and fetch laborers for his vineyard. He goes out at the third hour (about 9am) and sees others standing unhired in the place of assembly and he said to them, You, you also go into the vineyard. And I will give you whatever is right (vv3-5a). And they go into the vineyard and work (for an unknown wage). (Coolcoolcool.) Then, the vineyard owner in like manner did it again three hours later at noon (the sixth hour) (mmmkay); and again, in another three hours at 3pm (the ninth hour) (huh…) (vv5b). While Jesus’s story became curious, it’s not all that wild considering the amount of work that might be needed in a vineyard. But then, Jesus continues; the man goes out again at the eleventh hour (5pm) and…

…found others standing there and he says to them, “why have you stood so here the whole day unhired? They say to him, “No one hired us.” He says to them, “You, you also go into the vineyard” (vv6-7).

(Wut.) Here, Jesus’s story flirts with the ridiculous. Who, in their right mind, hires anyone at the last hour of the workday let alone hires the ones no one else wanted[vi] to hire? But then, Jesus’s story jumps over ridiculous into wild.   

Now evening came and the lord of the vineyard says to his administrator, “Call the workers and return to them their wages beginning from the last ones until the first ones.” And they came, the ones [hired] about the eleventh hour received at the rate of a denarius. And when the first came they supposed that they will receive more; they each also received at the rate of a denarius (vv8-10).

All expectations are thrown out the window here. Jesus has not only turned the tables but has just flat out (metaphorically) flipped them. When Jesus goes on to say that they muttered against the house manager giving a list of burdens endured while working as long as they did and the injustice[vii] of making those who worked only one hour equal to they who worked twelve (vv11-12), both Jesus’s audience and Matthew’s side with them.[viii] The offense and frustration at this financial injustice is the point.[ix] The Reign of God, according to Jesus, is nothing like the kingdom of humanity. Those called into the vineyard, no matter how early or how late, cannot hold the lord of the vineyard hostage to what is considered, in human terms, fair; the lord of the vineyard is no one’s debtor. As Jesus tells his audience,

But the house manager answered one of them and said, “Friend, I do no act wickedly toward you. Did you not agree with me for a denarius? Take what is yours and go; and I wish to give to the last as I also give to you. Is it not permitted for me to do what I wish with what belongs to me? Or is your eye evil because I, I am good? In this way, the last will be first and the first last (vv13-16).

Rather than going out to the marketplace to find workers to give him what he pays for, the lord of the vineyard has gone out to find all the vulnerable—whose bodies, lives, and livelihood are dependent on precarious work conditions[x] and capricious employers[xi]—with the goal not to extract labor from them but to provide for each of them, whether they earned it or not.[xii] The lord of the vineyard is foolish and uncalculating; according to Matthew’s Jesus, so, too, is God (especially in comparison to human standards and systems of evaluation).[xiii] Where the kingdom of humanity operates (barely) within the metric of a meritocracy, God’s reign does not; “God rules by grace, not by desert.”[xiv]

Conclusion

The story Jesus tells is a story about God and not about humans. It is a parable, and it’s meant to bring the hearer to a conclusion about the reign of God; it’s not (solely) an object lesson on how to run vineyards or how to manage employees. This is a text neither about capitalism nor socialism—no union boss is going to, rightly, settle for such behavior between employer and employee. We should not reduce the power of this parable by making it into an action plan; we, in the temporal world, must keep an eye to what is fair and what isn’t, where provision is needed and where reward is earned, where exploitation and negligence is happening. To keep the power of the parable is to allow it to bring us to its conclusion, to expose us and our preconceived ideas and assumptions about God and God’s reign, and to remind us that we have more in common with those whom we deem unworthy than we do with God, our creator, the master of our house. And this is the point: God’s ways are not our ways. We definitely need Christ.

Jesus’s parable is about God (full stop). It tells us something about God and how God delights to give beyond what any human can imagine, beyond all human defined fairness, beyond human merit, and beyond human captivity to envy[xv] and ideals of deserving; [xvi] God delights to give not according to what is deserved but what is needed.[xvii] God is good and just and gives to all beyond expectation;[xviii] none are more deserving of the reign of God than others.[xix] This insight into God and God’s reign reminds us who we are (creatures) and keeps us humble, refusing the tendency to make God and God’s grace, mercy, forgiveness, and love based on merit. God’s ways are not our ways.[xx]

[i] LW 54:157-158; Table Talk 1590.

[ii] πολλοὶ δὲ ἔσονται πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι καὶ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι.

[iii] Anna Case-Winters Matthew Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible Eds Amy Plantinga Pauw and William C. Placher (Louisville: WJK, 2015), 245. “Although Jesus accommodates Peter’s ambition with a vision of reward ‘at the renewal of all things,’ he finishes with a caution that ‘the first will be last and the last first’ and proceeds to tell the parable of the generous employer by way of illustration. It is yet another instance of shocking reversals.”

[iv] Case-Winters, Matthew, 245. “The parable of the laborers in the vineyard is found only in Matthew.”

[v] R. T. France The Gospel of Matthew The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Gen. Ed Joel B. Green (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007), 747-748. “It thus stands as a comment on the discussion of rewards for discipleship in 19:27-29 and on the saying about the last and the first which concluded that discussion and which is repeated after the parable in v.16. It is therefore about the reversal of human expectation in the kingdom of heaven—which, in various ways, has been the dominating theme of the whole of ch. 19.”

[vi] France, Matthew, 750. Maybe the later laborers came to the marketplace later and missed early morning hiring (not lazy).[vi] “They are victims rather than culprits…” and maybe (especially considering the very last group) “least desirable workers, passed over by other employers; they are thus the ‘last’ in more than a purely temporal sense. Which makes it the more surprising when they are eventually rewarded as well as any.”

[vii] France, Matthew, 748. “Why then do we still feel that there is something wrong? Because we cannot detach ourselves from the ruling convention that rewards should be commensurate to the services rendered. When one man is ‘rewarded’ far in excess of what has been earned while another receives only the bare sum agreed, we detect unfair discrimination.”

[viii] Case-Winters, Matthew, 246. “When it’s time to pay up he pays the last ones to arrive first, and beyond all reasonable expectation, he pays everyone a full day’s wage—even those who only worked one hour! When those employed form the early morning receive a day’s wage, they grumble….This equalizing is unacceptable. The latecomers do not deserve so much. Readers may sympathize with the grumbling of the all-day workers.”

[ix] Case-Winters, Matthew, 246. “However the characters in the parable are understood, this is a story of reversals and unexpected equalization. It presents a generosity that goes beyond calculation to grace. Hearers today may make theological connections. Our ‘calculating’ ways are brought up short by God’s incalculable grace.”

[x] France, Matthew, 749. “The day laborer did not have even the minimal security which the slave had in belonging to one master. There was no social welfare program on which an unemployed man could fall back, and no trade unions to protect a worker’s rights. An employer could literally ‘do what he chose with what belonged to him’ (v.15). In such a setting no work meant no food for the family.”

[xi] Case-Winters, Matthew, 245. “In this ‘forgotten corner of the economy’ workers are very vulnerable. The work is often difficult, strenuous, and dangerous. One if vie reports being injured while working and having no medical care. Their biggest day -to-day worry is getting paid. Employers give them bad checks to hire them at one rate yet pay less when the works is done to vanish when it’s time to pay up.”

[xii] Case-Winters, Matthew, 246. “The grumblers seem to begrudge the full day’s wage generously given to everyone—even to those who had not worked a full day to ‘earn’ it.”

[xiii] France, Matthew, 749. The vineyard owner, “…he was acting compassionately to alleviate the hardship of the unemployed. It is unlikely that he needed the extra workers, and his excessive payment of them speaks for itself. Commercially, the man is a fool. And God is as uncalculating as that.”

[xiv] France, Matthew, 748. “The God who lavishly clothes the flowers and feeds the birds (6:26-29) delights to give his servant far more than they could ever deserve from him. It is that principle, rather than the disappointment of the whole-day laborers, which is the main focus of the parable, but their very natural disappointment and sense of unfairness helps readers to reexamine how far their reactions are still governed by human ideals of deserving rather than by the uncalculating generosity of the kingdom of heaven. In the kingdom in which the first are last and the last first there is no room for envious comparisons.”

[xv] France, Matthew, 751. “By contrast, the calculating comparison of rewards is a mark of the ‘bad eye’ which is a biblical image for stinginess and jealously…”

[xvi] France, Matthew, 748.

[xvii] France, Matthew, 750. “The principle appears to be of payment according to need rather than desert.”

[xviii] France, Matthew, 751. “The God who is generous far beyond what could be expected is also never less than just. But to think in terms of contractual obligations is to miss the point of the kingdom of heaven. God’s ‘goodness’…is fair. More generous than that.”

[xix] France, Matthew, 751. “The blessing of eternal life is the same for all. Some are not more saved than others.”

[xx] France, Matthew, 752. “No one has a right to preeminence or to a higher reward in the kingdom of heaven. In the gloriously subversive words of the Dodo in Alice in Wonderland, ‘Everybody has won, and all must have prizes.’ It is all by grace.”

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Breathing into God’s Reign

“‘Dear Lord God, I wish to preach in your honor. I wish to speak about you, glorify you, praise your name. Although I can’t do this well of myself, I pray that you may make it good.’”[i]

Introduction

While all the events marking key and signature moments in the life and death of Christ must be equally emphasized in the life of the church, it is his ascension and thus the sending of the divine Holy Spirit that establishes and motivates the church, the body of Christ, the ecclesia, the union of people committed to the message of Jesus Christ crucified and raised. Without the Spirit there would be no church. As the Iona Abbey creed proclaims, the Holy Spirit,
God within us,” is the life-giving breath of the church. The Spirit is the one who plows and prepares hearts and minds to hear and receive the proclamation of the gospel; it is the Spirit who opens ears and eyes to see God and Christ in others; it is the Spirit who motivates recalcitrant limbs and high-inertia bodies to participate in God’s mission of the divine revolution of love, life, and liberation; and, it is the Spirit who causes the church to be and assures that the church will always be in the world, even if it means taking on different shapes and forms as it moves through the ages, adapting.

And it’s this last portion that is crucial for us today. The Spirit will always be the source and foundation of the church, despite us. While this is a comforting notion, removing the burden from our backs to “save the church,” it must also be our wake-up call urging us to press into the Spirit more and more, living in a way expressing our divinely ordered dependence on the Spirit not only for the life of our church or the life of our denominational expression of church, but as the unified body of Christ who represents Christ in the world individually and corporately through our words and deeds for the well-being of the our neighbors to the glory of God.

1 Corinthians 12:3b-13

In our Epistle text this morning, Paul begins with a declaration regarding what can be said by the divine Holy Spirit,[ii] Wherefore I am imparting to you this knowledge that …  no one is able to confess, “Jesus [is] Lord” if not through the agency of the Holy Spirit (v3a, 3c). Paul is making a strong distinction between what is and is not said by the Spirit of God.[iii] Too often, we incorrectly credit the divine Spirit with things that the Spirit would not say, things that have emotional energy behind them and things that carry depth of insight; but, not all of it is of the Spirit. For Paul, the principal declaration of the Spirit in the life of believers is the confession that “Jesus is Lord.” To say this is to be inspired by the Spirit. In fact, for Paul, it is the Spirit speaking through the one who says it. For no one concludes that a crucified man is the Messiah unless their ears and eyes have been opened by the Spirit to hear and see what God has done in Christ in the Easter event. Thus, the Spirit declares through the believer that Jesus IS Lord. (This is more than saying “Jesus lived” or “Jesus was Crucified” or “Jesus was raised”.)

Paul then discusses the acts of the believers motivated by the divine Holy Spirit. First, Paul emphasizes divine unity amid human diversity.[iv]

Now there are apportionings of the gifts of grace, but the same Spirit; and there are apportionings of servanthoods, and the same Lord; and there are apportionings of what activates effects, but the same God, the one who brings about/causes all things in all people (vv4-6).

The point Paul is making is that the various gifts of grace that believers have and express are from the same source and, thusly, do not allow for hierarchy to be created—the same God is behind each gift to each believer. [v] While the gifts are different from each other,[vi] they come from the same source and share in the same portion, God’s grace is freely distributed to all by God’s will.[vii] This automatically, for Paul, shifts the focus from the way things are done in the kingdom of humanity to the way things are done within the reign of God;[viii] there are no “special” apportionings, no one is singled out for being better or lesser in this divine economy of the distribution of spiritual gifts of God’s grace.[ix] All people and all gifts of grace are for the body of Christ and not to bring this or that one person fame and glory in the kingdom of humanity. This is why Paul then says, Now to each one the public manifestation of the Spirit is given toward the common advantage of others (v7).

Then Paul lists what type of gifts of God’s grace are distributed and apportioned to believers.

For to one is given the articulate utterance of “wisdom”, and to another rational statement of “knowledge” according to the same spirit. To a different person, a special endowment of faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit, to another the working of miraculous power, to one prophecy, to another the discernment of spirits, to another sorts of tongues, to another the explanation of tongues (vv.8-10).

This is not an inventory by which to create some test to discern who has what “spiritual gift.” What Paul is demonstrating is where and when the divine Spirit moves and is at work for the wellbeing of the body. Paul does not say that any of these gifts of grace participate as one time distributions but that the Spirit, in their orientation toward democracy and egalitarianism, distributes the gifts across the body of Christ so that the believers may, together, build each other up, encourage each other, and work toward and participate in the mission of the reign of God as Jesus did. In other words, the believers are to live in the world and among their neighbor eagerly using the gifts of grace they have received in that moment to the neighbor’s wellbeing and to the glory of God.[x] No one person gets all the gifts; no one gift carries more power or importance. Each person and all gifts function to benefit others. (Full stop.)

To have “wisdom” and “knowledge” is not to have sudden and special insight into others or events; rather, it’s about seeing and perceiving events and people through the lens of God’s grace,[xi] and to do so in a way that benefits others and the gospel.[xii] To be wise and knowledgeable in the economy of God is to see God at work everywhere through the Cross of Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit. Same goes for the gifts of “faith,” the (separate gift[xiii]) “healing,”[xiv] and “strength.” To have a special endowment of faith isn’t to believe blindly whatever the authority tells you to believe, but to believe in such a way that the common good is lifted and encouraged.[xv] Same, too, with healing and power which can (both) occur in various ways and by differing means (i.e. it’s not always spiritual, miraculous healing and power but could be done by temporal means[xvi]). Both “Prophecy” and the “discerning of Spirits” is about speaking rightly and seeing through false doctrine, being able to say what is and what is not of the reign of God. Both prophecy and discerning of spirits participate in furthering God’s reign as God’s truth is proclaimed and the lies of the kingdom of humanity are exposed.[xvii] The gift of “kinds of tongues” and the “interpretation of tongues” reflects deep spiritual groans that come from the subterranean self of believers; these groanings are unintelligible by the one groaning and another is needed to help to understand.[xviii] This unintelligible groaning and interpretation benefit everyone involved because, if we are honest, we all have deep subterranean desires and pleas that we cannot utter with regular words and need help in understanding and accessing those deep desires and please.[xix] (The gift and interpretation of tongues is not about new prophecy in the world or about speaking other languages, per se; it’s about participating in the birthing of the reign of God as both midwife and child-bearer.) The point of all this discussion, for Paul, is that the divine Spirit gives gifts of grace for the common good of all, to assist in the proclamation of the gospel, and to push back the evil forces of the kingdom of humanity eager to destroy human beings. [xx]

Conclusion

Paul concludes with,

Now all these things God works by the one and the same Spirit who distributes to each one distinctly just as the Spirit wills. For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, being many, are one body; this is the case with Christ. For also by one Spirit we, we all are baptized into one body, whether Jewish or Greek, whether slave or free, namely we were all given to drink one Spirit (vv.11-13).

Just as Christ is one, so too is the body of Christ one even though there are many members and many apportionings of gifts of grace. All of this diversity and difference is to serve the body of Christ so that this body of Christ can go into the world and allow God’s love and grace to spill over into the world, making the world a better place for those who are the beloved of God, our neighbors, those who are currently suffering in body and mind. We, as the body of Christ, are a body politically speaking, [xxi] thus we are Christ’s representative in the world as he is absent and only by the power of the Holy Spirit. We are one by our baptism into Christ,[xxii] by our shared faith in Christ, and by the power of the Spirit bringing us together to be the body of Christ and to bring us into union with God so that wherever we go and wherever we are, there, too, is God… just as is the case with Christ. As Christ breathed his last on the cross, we, by faith in Christ and in union with God by the power and presence of the Holy Spirit, take up that breath and participate in the breathing into God’s reign through our words and deeds for the wellbeing of our neighbor to the glory of God. In other words, we participate in the Spirit’s life-giving breath of the church no matter where we find ourselves in history. Thus, there will always be church wherever there are those who can, by the power of the Spirit, confess Jesus is Lord.

[i] LW 54:157-158; Table Talk 1590.

[ii] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, NIGTC, eds. I. Howard Marshall and Donald A. Hagner (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 917. “On this basis Paul is asking what content of human speech may be said to count as what is spoken by the Spirit or through the agency of the Spirit of God.”

[iii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 917. “…what experiences and actions, as well as words, will count as manifestations of the Holy Spriit, rather than self-induced experiences, acts, or words, or even those induced by other agencies?”

[iv] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 928. “…in these verses, at least, Paul places his emphasis on the unit of source which lies behind a diversity of phenomena.”

[v] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 928. “The cohesive bestowal of the gifts ensures their fundamental unity.”

[vi] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 929-930. “Paul’s change of the Corinthian term πνευματικά, spiritual things, to χαρίσματα, spiritual gifts, ‘gifts of grace,’ calls attention to God’s generous act of freely apportioning different gifts to different recipients. Once again, grace through the cross governs ecclesiology and ministry.”

[vii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 930. “By the application of persuasive definition or code switching Paul redefines what counts as spiritual by talking about what God freely gives, on his own initiative, and in his own sovereign choice (12:11) as empowerments …through the agency of the Holy Spirit for practical service of God and of other persons…”

[viii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 939. “The background which controls the exegesis, therefore, derives from the contrast between the pretentiousness and competitive status-seeking of humans wisdom…and the gift of divine wisdom…”

[ix] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 930. “The lexicographical convention of distinguishing ‘general’ from ‘special’ gifts already imports distorting pre-judgments into a subtle rhetorical strategy on the part of Paul which intended to shift the focus form human status claims about πνεῦμα to more humbling realities about God’s different apportionings of gifts…”

[x] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 936. “The Spirit produces visible effects for the profit of all, not for self-glorification. If the latter is prominent, suspicion is invited. δἰδοται reflects both continuous process of giving, and the sovereignty of God in choosing and in freely giving.”

[xi] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 939. “Wisdom, in this context, becomes an evaluation of realities in the light of God’s grace and the cross of Christ. I s part of a response to grace.”

[xii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 944. “Paul does not seek the wisdom of the Sophists, but neither does he disparage practical reflection and judicious evaluation. Gifts of articular communicative utterance may draw on wisdom and knowledge from God especially when this serves both ‘the common good’ of all and the proclamation of the cross. (This is a far cry from some modern notions about coded messages for the welfare of individuals.)”

[xiii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 947. “It is not necessarily the healer who receives the gift of special faith.”

[xiv] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 947. “But if the majority associate healing with the faith cited in the first part of the verse, and if this faith is a sovereign gift given to specific, chosen persons and not to all believers, Paul may not expect that all believers who need various kinds of healing will necessarily manifest the gift of faith with which healing may be associated. This is given to ἐτέρῳ, a different person, or another.”

[xv] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 946. “…rather than focus on the category of miracle, it is more helpful to consider the conceptual entailments of faith in the God who is Almighty and sovereign in relation to his own world. This links faith here with λόγος γνώσεως…”

[xvi] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 950. “An exegetical scrutiny leaves open the possibility of gifts of various kinds of healings in whatever mode, through whatever instrument or human agent, and at whatever time God may choose, as one of many specific gifts…”

[xvii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 967. “The basic criterion for assessing the difference between the Spirit and forces of evil appears to operate more broadly in the public domain, having to do with whether the phenomena in question promote and witness to the sovereign Lordship of Jesus Christ (v.3).”

[xviii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 988. “Tongues may then be viewed as ‘the language of the unconscious’ because it is unintelligible (unless it is ‘interpreted’) not only to others but also to the speaker.”

[xix] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 988. “…Paul sees tongues as a genuine gift of the Spirt which can help the individual…”

[xx] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 956. “It is therefore essential to regain the collective and corporate framework of these gifts ‘to some…to another.’ Specific human agents (not all) may receive a particular gift from the Spirit to advance the gospel against oppressive forces, for the benefit of all.”

[xxi] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 996. “It is the use of the political body—rhetoric that is the object of comparison; Christ remains the main subject whom the rhetoric serves, as an analogy which later will be given an unexpected twist by ‘code switching’ what appears to be an unqualified hierarchy.”

[xxii] Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 997. “The previous verse had concluded with ὀ Χριστός as the focus of unity. Paul amplifies this unity by speaking of the common agency and experience of one Spirit and one body as focused in the very baptism that proclaimed and marked their turning to Christ and their new identity as people of the Spirit.”

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